Review of Concepts from Thermal Physics
Temperature Kelvin – Celsius – Fahrenheit – Rankin Ttriple point = 273.16 K = 0°C TC = T – 273.16° TF = 9/5 TC + 32°	Heat 1 cal = 3.969 X 10^-3 BTU = 4.186 J 1 Cal = 1000 cal = 1 kcal
Thermal Expansion DL = LaDT DV = VbDT	Specific Heat dQ = cmdT = cmolarndT C = cm
Heat of Transformation Q = Lm	Work and Changes in Volume
First Law of Thermodynamics dU = dQ - dW Conservation of energy	Thermodynamic Processes Adiabatic – no heat flow dQ = 0 Isometric – no volume change dV = 0 Isobaric – constant pressure Isothermal – constant temp. dT = 0
Conduction	Radiation – Stefan – Boltzmann Law Pr = seAT^4
Avogadro’s Number NA = 6.022 X 10^23 part/mol	Ideal Gas PV = nRT PV = kBNT N = nNA R = 8.31 J/mol K kB = 1.38 X 10-23 J/K
Work - Isothermal Process W = nRTln(Vf / Vi) (ideal gas)	Temperature and Kinetic Energy KERMS = (3/2)kBT
Molar specific heat	Ideal Gas Specific Heats CV = 3/2 R CP = CV + R dU = nCVdT
Equipartition Theorem U = f(1/2)kBT f = degrees of freedom	Adiabatic Process – Ideal Gas PV^g = constant g = CP / CV
Entropy dS = dQ/T	Entropy in Spontaneous Processes DS > 0 across the whole systems for and spontaneous process
Combined first and second laws dU = TdS – dW dU = TdS – PdV ideal gas	Efficiency of an Ideal Engine e = (TH – TC)/TH
Coefficient of Performance of an Ideal Refrigerator K = TC/(TH – TC)	Carnot Cycle (ideal cycle)
Boltzmann’s Entropy Equation S = kBlnW W = the multiplicity or density of states